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選舉

奉行代議民主制的國家或地區,會通過選舉選出議會成員、國家元首和政府首腦(如總統、總理、首相)等,也會以此選出地方政府的行政官員。除此之外,選舉也被廣泛應用於許多私人組織或商業機構,由民間團體、學校以至公司,也會採用選舉作為制定人事決策的手段。

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Ballots for Egypt's presidential elections are seen in a ballot box at a polling station in Cairo June 16, 2012. Egyptians queued to choose a new leader on Saturday in the first free presidential election in their history, facing a stark choice between a conservative Islamist and a former military officer who served ousted autocrat Hosni Mubarak. REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh (EGYPT - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
Supporters of Greece's extreme right Golden Dawn party gather outside their party's headquarters as ballots are thrown from the building in Athens June 17, 2012. Greece's main pro-bailout parties could form a coalition government with the slimmest of majorities, according to updated exit polls on an election watched by the world to see if the debt-laden country stays in the euro zone. REUTERS/Yorgos Karahalis (GREECE - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS BUSINESS TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)
Supporter of Greece's radical left SYRIZA party watch the exit polls in the main SYRIZA campaign center in central Athens June 17, 2012. A joint exit poll by five pollsters, published as voting closed on Sunday, showed New Democracy taking between 27.5 percent and 30.5 percent of the vote. SYRIZA was essentially level with 27-30 percent, followed by the PASOK Socialists taking 10-12 percent of the vote. REUTERS/Yorgos Karahalis (GREECE - Tags: ELECTIONS POLITICS)
A conservative New Democracy supporter points at a television screen showing the exit polls in the main New Democracy campaign center in Athens' Syntagma square June 17, 2012. A joint exit poll by five pollsters, published as voting closed on Sunday, showed New Democracy taking between 27.5 percent and 30.5 percent of the vote. SYRIZA was essentially level with 27-30 percent, followed by the PASOK Socialists taking 10-12 percent of the vote. REUTERS/Pascal Rossignol (GREECE - Tags: ELECTIONS POLITICS)
Voters wait outside a polling station in Cairo June 17, 2012. A second day of voting on Sunday will deliver Egypt's first freely elected president, though the country faces renewed tension whether he is a former general from the old guard or an Islamist from the long-suppressed Muslim Brotherhood. REUTERS/Suhaib Salem (EGYPT - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
epa03257690 A local Nice resident casts her ballot paper at a polling station in the southern French city during the first round of the French Parliamentary elections in 10 June 2012. The elections are expected to determine the extent and pace of reform under new President Francois Hollande. EPA/SEBASTIEN NOGIER
The Greek Parliament is seen in Athens, Monday, May 7, 2012. Bailout-reliant Greece faces weeks of financial turmoil after voters angry at crippling income cuts punished mainstream politicians, let a far-right extremist group into Parliament and gave no party enough votes to govern alone. (Foto:Thanassis Stavrakis/AP/dapd)
An Egyptian man rides his bicycle near a poster of presidential candidate Ahmed Shafiq with Arabic writing that reads, "Ahmed Shafiq, for Egyptian presidency," in Cairo, Egypt, Tuesday, May 22, 2012. The May 23-24 presidential election is the first since last year's ouster of longtime authoritarian ruler Hosni Mubarak. It marks the first time Egyptians will choose their leader in a race overseen by international monitors. (Foto:Fredrik Persson/AP/dapd) An Egyptian boy looks at a polling station, next to an election poster of presidential candidate Mohammed Morsi, with Arabic that reads, "Mohammed Morsi, president for Egypt, revival is the will of the people," during the first day of the presidential runoff, in Cairo, Egypt, Saturday, June 16, 2012. Egyptians voted Saturday in the country's landmark presidential runoff, choosing between Hosni Mubarak's ex-prime minister and an Islamist candidate from the Muslim Brotherhood after a race that has deeply polarized the nation. The two-day balloting will produce Egypt's first president since a popular uprising last year ousted Mubarak, who is now serving a life sentence. (AP Photo/Nasser Nasser) Montage Charlotte Jaekel
Egyptians gather to protest ongoing military rule in Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt on Friday, June 15, 2012. Judges appointed by Hosni Mubarak dissolved the Islamist-dominated parliament Thursday and ruled his former prime minister eligible for the presidential runoff election this weekend, setting the stage for the military and remnants of the old regime to stay in power. (Foto:Pete Muller/AP/dapd)
epa03257613 French President Francois Hollande enters a voting booth before casting his ballot for the first round of French legislative elections at a polling station in Tulle, France 10 June 2012. Reports state that voting for the lower house starts on 10 June 2012 with a first round, followed by run-offs a in seven days time. EPA/GUILLAUME HORCAJUELO
ARCHIV - Nur wenige Abgeordnete sind bei der Parlamentsdebatte über das Burka-Verbot in der Nationalversammlung in Paris anwesend (Archivfoto vom 06.07.2010). Nach der Wahl ist vor der Wahl: Rund einen Monat nach der Bestimmung von Frankreichs neuem Präsidenten wird die Nationalversammlung neu gewählt. Die Linke will dabei ihre Erfolgsspur weiter ausbauen, Le Pen hofft auf Mandate und die Piratenpartei auf Achtungserfolge. Foto: EPA/YOAN VALAT dpa (zu dpa "Piraten, Royal, Le Pen: Franzosen bestimmen neue Nationalversammlung" vom 08.06.2012) +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
A man casts his ballot at a polling station in the second round of the 2012 French presidential election in Strasbourg, May 6, 2012. Voting started in mainland France on Sunday in the runoff presidential elections. REUTERS/Vincent Kessler (FRANCE - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
Symmbolbild zu Paris, Eiffelturm. Bild: Fotolia/Ralf Gosch #22031787
Main title: Egypt - Cairo streets Photo title: Abu Bakr Gaber, Egyptian kiosk owner Place and date: Cairo - May 2012
A Nepali policeman stands guard against the flag of the Communist party of Nepal (Maoist) outside a vote counting center, in Katmandu, Nepal, Saturday, April 12, 2008. Former rebel Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) have won control in eight out of 14 constituencies where vote-counting has been completed in an election for Nepal's Constituent Assembly, election officials said Saturday. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)***Zu Bärthlein, Nepals Maoisten feiern - Wahlsieg zeichnet sich ab***
Members of the Left Coalition Party of Greece, SYRIZA, hold a banner reading ''End the Governments of Bankers, Austerity is the Problem not the Answer'' at the entrance of the Acropolis ancient site in Athens, Tuesday, Nov. 8, 2011. Power-sharing talks between Greece's two main political parties entered their second day Tuesday, as European leaders stepped up the pressure for a quick resolution by holding back a vital rescue loan that the country needs to prevent a devastating bankruptcy. (Foto:AP/dapd)
Egyptian women wait in line to vote in the presidential election Wednesday, May 23, 2012, outside a polling station Cairo, Egypt. Nearly a year and a half after the ouster of autocratic leader Hosni Mubarak, millions of Egyptians lined up for hours outside polling stations Wednesday to freely choose a president for the first time in an election that pits old regime figures promising stability against ascending Islamists seeking to consolidate power. (Foto:Fredrik Persson/AP/dapd)
epa03231675 An Egyptian man lets his granddaughter casts his ballot paper in the first round of the presidential elections in Cairo, Egypt, 23 May 2012. Egyptian voters, on 23 May, queued at polling stations for the first Presidential election since the ouster of former president Hosni Mubarak in February 2011. The first round vote is on 23 and 24 May. EPA/KHALED ELFIQI +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
Voters wait in line to cast their votes during presidential elections in Alexandria, 230 km (140 miles) north of Cairo May 23, 2012. Egyptians began voting freely on Wednesday for the first time to pick their president in a wide open election that pits Islamists against men who served under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak. REUTERS/Mohamed Abd El-Ghany (EGYPT - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
The Greek Parliament is seen in Athens, Monday, May 7, 2012. Bailout-reliant Greece faces weeks of financial turmoil after voters angry at crippling income cuts punished mainstream politicians, let a far-right extremist group into Parliament and gave no party enough votes to govern alone. (Foto:Thanassis Stavrakis/AP/dapd)
Parliament employees raise a mast after they replaced a torn-off Greek flag with a new one atop the parliament in Athens Syntagma (Constitution) square April 18, 2012. Greeks go to the polls in about two weeks and at stake is Greece's willingness to impose harsh measures and exit the crisis. The winner(s) must convince international lenders that there will be no relaxing of austerity policies and reforms or risk bailout installments needed to keep Greece afloat. REUTERS/Yannis Behrakis (GREECE - Tags: BUSINESS POLITICS)
Nordrhein-Westfalen/ Anhaenger der Piratenpartei jubeln am Samstag (13.05.12) in Duesseldorf auf der Wahlparty der Piraten nach Bekanntgabe der ersten Prognose zur Landtagswahl in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Laut der ersten Hochrechnungen von ARD und ZDF ziehen die Piraten mit ueber sieben Prozent der Stimmen bei den Landtagswahlen in NRW in den Landtag ein. (zu dapd-Text) Foto: Patrick Sinkel/dapd
Foto vom 7.5.2012: NRW-Ministerpräsidentin und SPD-Spitzenkandidatin Hannelore Kraft im Wahlkampf, hier in Dülmen im Norden von Nordrhein-Westfalen mit dem örtlichen SPD-Kandidaten André Stinka Foto: DW/Andrea Grunau
Algeria's president Abdelaziz Bouteflika casts his ballot during parliamentary elections at a polling station in Agiers May 10, 2012. Algerians voted on Thursday for a new parliament that officials say will bring democracy to a country left behind by the "Arab Spring" revolts, but many people showed their scepticism by abstaining. REUTERS/Zohra Bensemra (ALGERIA - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
Nicolas Sarkozy, France's incumbent president, leaves the stage after his speech on stage before UMP party supporters after his defeat for re-election in the second round vote of the 2012 French presidential elections at the Mutualite meeting hall in Paris May 6, 2012. REUTERS/Philippe Wojazer (FRANCE - Tags: POLITICS ELECTION)
Berlin/ Aussenminister Guido Westerwelle (FDP) gibt am Sonntag (15.04.12) in Berlin im Auswaertigen Amt ein Pressestatement ab. Westerwelle hat die Angriffe der Taliban auf Regierungsgebaeude, Botschaften und Militaerstuetzpunkte in Afghanistan scharf verurteilt. "Wir werden der Gewalt der Terroristen nicht nachgeben", betonte der FDP-Politiker am Sonntag in Berlin. (zu dapd-Text) Foto: Adam Berry/dapd
Members of Coalition of the Radical Left party (SYRIZA) react at an election kiosk of their party in Athens, Sunday, May 6, 2012. Greeks are voting today in elections critical to getting international bailout support as angry voters appear more than ready to punish both major parties for the country's decimated economy. (Foto:Thanassis Stavrakis/AP/dapd)
epa03203966 Syrians walk past electoral banners and posters for the coming parliamentary elections at a street in Damascus, Syria, 02 May 2012. Syrian Parliamentary elections are scheduled for 07 May 2012. EPA/YOUSSEF BADAWI
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