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选举

奉行代议民主制的国家或地区,会通过选举选出议会成员、国家元首和政府首脑(如总统、总理、首相)等,也会以此选出地方政府的行政官员。除此之外,选举也被广泛应用于许多私人组织或商业机构,由民间团体、学校以至公司,也会采用选举作为制定人事决策的手段。

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Workers open the ballots in a polling station in downtown Romein a polling station in Rome on February 25, 2013 at the end of the second day of the Italy's general elections. Italians fed up with austerity voted in the country's most important election in a generation, as Europe held its breath for signs of fresh instability in the eurozone's third economy. AFP PHOTO/ Filippo MONTEFORTE (Photo credit should read FILIPPO MONTEFORTE/AFP/Getty Images)
A voting official prepares the ballot papers at a polling station in Rome February 24, 2013. Italians began voting on Sunday in one of the most closely watched elections in years, with markets nervous about whether it can produce a strong government to pull Italy out of recession and help resolve the euro zone debt crisis. REUTERS/Yara Nardi (ITALY - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
CAIRO, Feb. 15, 2013 (Xinhua) -- Pro-government Egyptians shout slogans during a mass march dubbed "Together Against Violence" in Cairo, Egypt, Feb. 15, 2013. Thousands of Egyptian Islamists flocked Friday to protest aganist the violence carried by anti-government protests and some opposition forces. (Xinhua/Amru Salahuddien) XINHUA /LANDOV Keine Weitergabe an Drittverwerter.
Supporters of conservative Cyprus Presidential candidate Nicos Anastasiades celebrate outside a pre-election campaign bureau in Nicosia February 24, 2013. Anastasiades has sealed a convincing victory in Sunday's presidential run-off vote, according to early results, in a boost for investor hopes of a swift financial rescue for the near-bankrupt nation. Anastasiades, who favours hammering out a quick deal with foreign lenders, took 58 percent of the vote after 30 percent of the vote was counted, well ahead of Communist-backed rival Stavros Malas, who has attacked the austerity terms accompanying a rescue. REUTERS/Yorgos Karahalis (CYPRUS - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
Outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti holds his election ballot before casting his vote at the polling station in Milan, February 24, 2013. Italians began voting on Sunday in one of the most closely watched elections in years, with markets nervous about whether it can produce a strong government to pull Italy out of recession and help resolve the euro zone debt crisis. REUTERS/Stefano Rellandini (ITALY - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY BUSINESS)
Former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Mohamed Mustafa ElBaradei attends the charity event Cinema for Peace within the scope of the 62nd Berlinale in Berlin, Germany, 13 February 2012. Since 2002 Cinema for Peace has been a worldwide initiative, promoting humanity through film while inviting members of the international film community to attend the annual Cinema for Peace Award-Gala-Night during the Berlin International Film Festival. Photo: Pascal Le Segretain/Getty Images for Cinema for Peace
A general view of Tahrir Square in Cairo, January 30, 2013. Egyptian President Mohamed Mursi flew to Germany on Wednesday to try to convince Europe of his democratic credentials, leaving behind a country in crisis after a week of violence that has killed more than 50 people. REUTERS/Mohamed Abd El Ghany (EGYPT - Tags: CIVIL UNREST POLITICS CITYSCAPE)
Opposition party supporters chant their grievances near to a burning barricade, in Kisumu, western Kenya, Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2008, the start of three days of planned opposition rallies. Legislators chose an opposition member as Parliament Speaker in a close vote Tuesday, giving a victory to foes of Kenya's president as they prepared for mass protest rallies that raised fears of new violence over last month's disputed election. (AP Photo/Darko Bandic)
Ticker-tape falls all around as Armenian President Serge Sarkisian is greeted by his supporters during a meeting while campaigning for the vote in Yerevan, Armenia, Friday, Feb. 15, 2013. President Serge Sarkisian is expected to easily win a second five-year term in Monday's vote. (AP Photo/ Tigran Mehrabyan, PanARMENIAN)
epa03589128 An Armenian man casts his ballot at a polling station in Yerevan, Armenia, 18 February 2013. Armenians headed to the polls on 18 February for a presidential election in which current Armenian President and presidential candidate Serzh Sargsyan is considered the heavy favourite. EPA/MAXIM SHIPENKOV +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
People are gathered in St Peter's square as Pope Benedict XVI leads his Sunday Angelus prayer at the Vatican February 17, 2013. Pope Benedict, speaking before a larger than usual crowd at his penultimate Sunday address, asked the faithful to pray for him and for the next pope. REUTERS/Tony Gentile (VATICAN - Tags: RELIGION)
Cyprus presidential candidate Nicos Anastasiades of the right wing Democratic Rally party and his grandsons cast a ballot at a polling station in Limassol February 17, 2013. Cypriots went to the polls on Sunday to elect a president who will have to take responsibility for negotiating a financial rescue to save the small island nation from a bankruptcy that would reignite the euro zone debt crisis. REUTERS/Yorgos Karahalis (CYPRUS - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)
Vatican spokesman Rev. Federico Lombardi arrives to meet the media during a press conference, at the Vatican, Friday Feb. 15, 2013. Pope Benedict XVI has signed off on one of the last major appointments of his papacy, approving a German lawyer to head the Vatican's embattled bank. Ernst Von Freyberg has solid financial and Catholic credentials as a member of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, an ancient chivalrous order drawn from European nobility. The Vatican said Von Freyberg had been appointed by the bank's commission of cardinals and that the pope had "expressed his full consent." (AP Photo/Andrew Medichini)
Typical accessibility in Greenlandic towns. Erik Ensted - Fotolia 2009
Australia's Prime Minister Julia Gillard speaks at the national press club in Canberra, Australia, Thursday, July 15, 2010. Australia's government bolstered its economic credentials ahead of looming elections by releasing new treasury data Wednesday that showed its reversal on a promised mining tax had not diminished its budget forecasts. The latest figures are even better than the treasury's last budget outlook, released in May, which showed Australia's finances would be back in surplus in the 2012-13 fiscal year despite billions of dollars in government stimulus spending to avoid recession. The improvement, largely due to soaring prices for Australian energy and mineral exports, is expected to come despite Prime Minister Julia Gillard abandoning plans to introduce a 40 percent tax on mining companies' burgeoning profits.(AP Photo/Mark Graham)
Former Czech Prime Minister and presidential candidate Milos Zeman talks to journalists on January 12, 2013 in his headquarters in Prague. Leftist ex-premier Milos Zeman and Foreign Minister Karel Schwarzenberg will face off in the January 25-26 presidential runoff in the country's first-ever direct vote for a head of state, final results showed Saturday. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STR/AFP/Getty Images)
A follower of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood movement passes by Jordanian anti-riot policemen during a protest organized by the movement in Amman, Jordan, Friday, July 13, 2012. Jordan's powerful Muslim Brotherhood said that it will boycott the upcoming parliamentary elections in protest over recent changes in the kingdom's election legislation, saying they fall short of the opposition group's demands. (Foto:Raad Adayleh/AP/dapd))
A torn poster of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is seen in on a wall in Jerusalem, Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2013. Israelis began trickling into polling stations Tuesday morning to cast their votes in a parliamentary election expected to return Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to office despite years of stalled peacemaking with the Palestinians and mounting economic troubles. (Foto:Sebastian Scheiner/AP/dapd)
BNEI BRAK, ISRAEL - JANUARY 21: Ultra Orthodox Jews walk past a bus as an election poster of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hang on it, ahead of the upcoming Israeli elections on January 21, 2013 in Bnei Brak, Israel. Israeli elections are scheduled for January 22 and so far showing a majority for the Israeli right. (Photo by Uriel Sinai/Getty Images)
Niedersachsen/ Stephan Weil (SPD), Hannovers Oberbuergermeister und Spitzenkandidat der Partei fuer die Landtagswahl, gibt am Sonntag (20.01.13) in Hannover neben seiner Frau Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil um zirka 11 Uhr im Wahllokal im Birkenhof Wohnstift Kirchrode seine Stimme zur Landtagswahl ab. (zu dapd-Text) Foto: Oliver Lang/dapd
Former Czech Prime Minister and Presidential candidate Jan Fischer casts his ballot at a polling station in Prague on January 11, 2013. Czech polling stations opened on January 11 afternoon in local mid-time for the first round of the first Czech direct presidential election in history. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images)
Italian caretaker Prime Minister Mario Monti attends an end of year news conference in Rome December 23, 2012. Monti said on Sunday he would be ready to run for a second term in next year's election if he was asked to do so by political forces that adopted his reform agenda. REUTERS/Alessandro Bianchi (ITALY - Tags: POLITICS ELECTIONS)